The most common solutions for plant nutrition and plant tissue cultivation today are the formulations from Hoagland / Arnon (1938, 1950) and Murashige / Skoog (1962).
Hoagland and Arnon's basic formulas are replicated in liquid form by many manufacturers and sold as fertilizers to plant breeders, farmers, and consumers. Even the names Hoagland, Knop, Murashige, and Skoog are used as trademarks. Examples include Hoagland's No. 2 Basal Salt Mixture and Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture.
Hoagland and many other plant nutritionists used over 150 different nutrient solution recipes during their careers. In fact, several nutrient recipes refer to a standard name, even though they have little connection to the original formula. Several recipes were published under the name "Hoagland," and to this day, confusion persists due to the creator's memory loss regarding the original composition. You can find some of the compositions in our nutrient calculator. It's also available for download here for offline use.
Hewitt's Table 30A
Composition of selected standard nutrient solutions, modified from Hewitt (Table 30A). Concentration of elements in ppm (mg/liter).
| Reference | Ca | Mg | Na | K | B | Mn | Cu | Zn | Mo | Fe | Cl | N | P | S | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sachs (1860) | 266 | 48 | 95 | 386 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 145 | 139 | 78 | 177 | First published standard formula |
| Knop (1865) | 244 | 24 | – | 168 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 206 | 57 | 32 | Knop's solution |
| Panning (1915) | 208 | 484 | – | 562 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 148 | 448 | 640 | Shive's solution |
| Hoagland (1919) 1 | 200 | 99 | 12 | 284 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18 | 158 | 44 | 123 | HS based on the soil solution |
| Hoagland (1920) | 172 | 52 | – | 190 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 158 | 38 | 67 | Hoagland's optimal nutrient solution |
| Hoagland & Snyder (1933) | 200 | 48.6 | – | 235 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.018 | 1.0 | 0.14 | 210 | 31 | 64 | Hoagland's solution (0) |
| Hoagland & Arnon (1938) | 200 | 48.6 | – | 235 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.048 | 1.0 | 0.65 | 210 | 31 | 64 | Hoagland's solution (1) |
| Hoagland & Arnon (1950) | 160 | 48.6 | – | 235 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.011 | 1.0 | 0.65 | 210 | 31 | 64 | Hoagland's solution (2) |
| Jacobson (1951) | – | – | – | 10.5 | – | – | – | – | – | 5.0 | – | – | – | 2.9 | Jacobson's solution |
| Hewitt (1952, 1966) | 160 | 36 | 31 | 156 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.064 | 0.065 | 0.048 | 2.8 | – | 168 | 41 | 48 | Long Ashton nutrient solution |
Hybrid nutrient solutions
Hybrid nutrient solutions, which consist, for example, of macronutrients from a modified Hoagland solution , micronutrients from a modified Long-Ashton nutrient solution and iron from a modified Jacobson solution , combine the physiological properties of different standard solutions into a balanced nutrient solution that enables optimal plant growth when diluted to 1⁄3 of the complete hybrid solution (cf. Nagel's Table S4, below).
Nagel's Table S4
Composition of a hybrid nutrient solution modified according to Nagel et al. Element concentrations in ppm (mg/liter).
| Reference | Ca | Mg | Na | K | B | Mn | Cu | Zn | Mo | Fe | Cl | N | P | S | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nagel et al. (2020) | 200 | 48.6 | 0.023 | 246 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.064 | 0.065 | 0.048 | 5.0 | 0.71 | 210 | 31 | 67 | Hybrid nutrient solution |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Robert_Hoagland#Hewitt's_Table_30A
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