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Standard nutrient solutions: Hewitt's Table 30A
The most common solutions for plant nutrition and plant tissue cultivation today are the formulations from Hoagland / Arnon (1938, 1950) and Murashige / Skoog (1962). Hoagland and Arnon's basic formulas are replicated in liquid form by many manufacturers and sold as fertilizers to plant breeders, farmers, and consumers. Even the names Hoagland, Knop, Murashige, and Skoog are used as trademarks. Examples include Hoagland's No. 2 Basal Salt Mixture and Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture. Hoagl...
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Hoagland Nutrient Solution
Hoagland's solution (HS) is a hydroponic nutrient solution developed by Hoagland and Snyder in 1933. Modified by Hoagland and Arnon in 1938, and revised again by Arnon in 1950. It is one of the most popular standard solution compositions for growing plants in the scientific world at least with more than 21,000 citations from Google Scholar - which is not necessarily a quality aspect, see iron content of spinach. Hoagland's solution provides all the essential elements for plant nutrition and is s...
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Plant Combinator
Plant Combinator pH · EC · USDA Zone · Frost Tolerance Select Plants + Add Plant Range Comparison pH Value EC Value (mS/cm) USDA Hardiness Zone Detailed Analysis & Compatibility Please select plants … Planting Calendar Please select plants … Copy Result Copy to Clipboard ✓ Copied! Fine Print ! Please note that the nutrient consumption of individual varieties can vary greatly depending on growth phase and plant type, and the resulting quantity ratios may cause undesired interactions/blockages and...
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Abram Steiner - Universal Nutrient Solution
Steiner Universal Nutrient Solution is one of the most well-known hydroponic formulations and was developed by Dr. Arthur Steiner . It features a balanced ratio of macro- and micronutrients and is particularly suitable for universal applications (e.g., vegetables, herbs, fruit-bearing plants). Here is the typical composition: Steiner Universal Nutrient Solution (standard recipe) (Figures in grams per 1000 liters of water, converted to grams per liter ) nutrient saltQuantity (g/L)Nutri...
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Fertilizer Calculator HowTo
The script ( download here ) allows you to create your own fertilizer mix for hydroponics or soil from over 50 different fertilizer salts and over 200 NPK fertilizers can also be used. Procedure 1) Select the example nutrient solution or specification and display it Tried and tested nutrient solutions from the literature, see in the drop down menu Predefined nutrient solutions - Please select (optional) - Don't let the years fool you: practically nothing has changed since 1966, only the temp...
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Fertilizer: Essential Nutrients, Function, Deficiency and Exces
Deficiency symptoms Quick overview Damage caused by soluble salts Boron deficiency Boron toxicity Calcium deficiency Ferrum deficiency Sulphur deficency Nitrogen deficiency Potassium deficiency Copper deficiency Magnesia deficiency Manganese deficiencyl Molybdenum deficiency Phosphorus deficiency Zinc deficiency Before we begin discussing the principles of plant nutrient systems in hydroponic systems, we need to define what we mean by "hydroponic." Hydroponics is the process of growing plants ...
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Fertiliser
Fertiliser programmes First of all: If you receive a fertiliser recommendation without having explained exactly which plants you are growing, you can safely ignore such recommendations. There are not hundreds of fertiliser types because there is one answer. Each plant species has individual nutrient requirements that also differ according to the growth phase it is in. Furthermore, indiscriminate fertilising, over-fertilising, under-fertilising, wrong composition etc. can have devastating conse...
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Murashige & Skoog Medium
Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or MS0 (MS-zero) ) is the most popular plant growth medium used in laboratories worldwide for cultivating plant cell cultures on agar . MS0 was invented in 1962 by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog during Murashige's search for a new growth regulator. A number after the letters MS indicates the sucrose content of the medium. For example, MS0 contains no sucrose, while MS20 contains 20 g/L sucrose. Together with its modificatio...
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Fertiliser: Calculation of nutrient solutions
By Boston Public Library, license CC BY 2.0 Calculation of the concentrations of nutrient solutions using the following two equations The calculation of the amount of fertilizer that has to be added to the nutrient solutions is part of a successful hydroponic production. Only multiplication, division and subtraction are used for the calculations; no advanced mathematical knowledge is required. If you want to know more about the compositions and concentration information, the article series can b...
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TDS, CF, EC, PPM Conversion
TDS, CF, EC, PPM Conversion You can convert units here Electrical conductivity, also known as conductance or EC value (from the English electrical conductivity), is a material property and physical quantity that indicates how well electric current is conducted. This is measured in Siemens (S). The inverse of electrical conductivity is specific resistance. The derived SI unit of electrical conductivity is S/m (Siemens per meter). First of all: In Germany, 0.1 mS/m at 25°C = 0.425 mg/l TDS (mg/l s...
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Stocking density regulations
For aquaponics systems in the EU, as of January 26, 2026, there are no uniform, EU-wide binding stocking density regulations for the fish species mentioned. The regulation is complex and based on several legal areas. Here is an overview of the relevant regulations and principles: 1. The Overarching Principle: EU Animal Welfare Law The fundamental legal source is the EU Animal Welfare Regulation (EC) No. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing, which also contains general ...
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pH and Ec Finder
Here you can view the plants that have similar pH and Ec values and can therefore, at least in this respect, be planted together in an aqua or hydroponic system. Also pay attention to the temperature. What are the nutrient requirements for certain plants? This list shows the nutrient concentration preferred by each plant. Note the differences within the subspecies/breeding . Please remember: there are 23,000 varieties of tomatoes - of course these vary in terms of preferred temperatures as wel...
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Grams to Moles
Here we explain how grams are converted to moles. The conversion from moles to grams can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . You will need a periodic table and a calculator. First, identifying the elements that make up the compound. Example: the compound NaHCO 3 consists of four elements: sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Then determine the number of atoms each element contributes to the compound. Example: H 2 O has two hydrogen and one oxy...
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Directive 78/659/EEC on the quality of fresh water
Directive 78/659/EEC on the quality of fresh water Council Directive 78/659/EEC of 18 July 1978 on the quality of fresh water in need of protection or improvement in order to sustain the life of fish- Freshwater Directive - (OJ No. L 222 of August 14, 1978 p. 1;) (Act of Accession Greece - OJ No. L 291 of 19 November 1979 p. 111;Act of Accession Spain, Portugal - OJ No. L 302 of November 15, 1985 p. 218;Act of Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden - OJ No. C 241 of 29 August 1994 p. 21;adjust...
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Fish-Biofilter Calculator
Dimensioning and balancing fish production & biofiltration 1. Fish Production Fish African catfish – Clarias gariepinus Alaska pollock – Gadus chalcogrammus Black tiger shrimp – Penaeus monodon Brook trout – Salvelinus fontinalis Carp – Cyprinus carpio Cobia – Rachycentron canadum Eel, European – Anguilla anguilla European seabass – Dicentrarchus labrax Giant river prawn – Macrobrachium rosenbergii Greater amberjack – Seriola dumerili Halibut – Hippoglossus hippoglossus Pangasius – Pangasianodon...
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PPM ⇄ EC ⇄ TDS ⇄ CF ⇄ mho ⇄ S
EC/TDS/PPM Converter EC/TDS/PPM Converter Hydroponics & Plant Nutrition Unit Converter Base Conversions TDS/PPM Conversion Scale: 500 Scale (USA) 640 Scale (EU) 700 Scale (Truncheon) EC (mS/cm) EC (µS/cm) EC (dS/m) CF (Conductivity Factor) TDS/PPM (mg/L) Siemens (S/cm) = mho/cm ℹ️ Note: TDS/PPM conversion is approximate and depends on ion composition. Mole Calculator (Fertilizer Salts) Select fertilizer salt:-- Select fertilizer salt --Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂)Magnesium ...
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Moles to Grams
Here we explain how to convert moles to grams. The conversion from grams to moles can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . The mass in grams of a mole of a substance (that is, the mass in grams per mole) is called the molar mass of that substance. The molar mass (in g/mol) of a substance is numerically always equal to the formula weight of the substance (in ame = atom mass unit or also called u = unit). The atomic mass can be found at the top right of every period...
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Periodic Table
Context: You often need the periodic table to calculate fertilizer solutions, as the quantities of an existing fertilizer solution usually have to be calculated in relation to the amount of additional fertilizers added. See the Fertilizer article series . By Antonsusi, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82871392 Context: {loadmoduleid 95} ID:
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pH and Ec: Cannabis
Nutrients that cannabis needs can be divided into three categories: Primary macro-nutrients, secondary macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients. This division is based on how much of each nutrient the plant needs. Nitrogen, for example, is categorised as a primary nutrient because the plant needs more of it than calcium or sulphur, for example. Cannabis has different nutrient requirements in different phases. Nitrogen, for example, is mainly needed in the growth phase, but much less in the flowering...
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Stocking density
Fish stocking density is subject to legal requirements and biological limits. This article explains the legal framework and practical recommendations for species-appropriate keeping. However: As of January 26, 2026, there are no uniform, EU-wide binding stocking density regulations for aquaponics systems. Regulation is multi-layered and based on several areas of law. The permissible density results from the interaction of national animal welfare law, fertilizer law, and the practical limits of y...
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Gadus chalcogrammus / Alaska Pollock
Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) Alaska pollock is the second most popular food fish in the world and is sometimes called "Alaska cod." The name can be misleading, as it is part of the cod family and has no connection whatsoever to salmon. It has a fine, flavorful meat that contains a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids at 0.3 g per 100 g. It is native to the coasts of the North Pacific and lives there in so-called schools. Despite warnings about overfishing from WWF and Greenpeace, Alas...
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Labeo rohita / Rohu
Rohu / Labeo rohita Rohu is a representative of the carp family and is wonderfully suitable as a fish for aquaculture, as this herbivorous fish allows for a combination of farming with prawns. Although this requires larger tanks and increased effort, it ensures a higher yield. It can be combined excellently with the giant river prawn. Since it belongs to the cyprinids, it is possible to obtain the organic label certificate, the same applies to the prawns. Rohu grows quickly and can be harvest...
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Fish in Aquaponics
001835:Fish Quay North Shields unknown ca.1890 by Newcastle Libraries, Public Domain Mark 1.0. In order to find the right fish for your own aquaponics system, you can already fall back on a large selection of suitable food fish. There are small fish for small systems and large ones for larger ones. However, they all have to fulfil some basic requirements. As a rule, fish are used that can withstand the high, almost tropical temperatures in a plant. So they have to be heat-resistant. Furthermore,...
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Acipenser baerii / Siberian sturgeon
Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) The Siberian sturgeon comes from the rivers of Siberia and Lake Baikal. It is divided into three subspecies; The Acipenser baerii baerii from the Ob River (Western Siberia), the Acipenser baerii baicalensis, which comes from Lake Baikal and the Acipenser baerii stenorhynchus, which is native to the eastern rivers of Siberia. The sturgeon is not only a tasty food fish, but is also best known for producing caviar. The original Kavier comes from him. The product...
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Eedible Fish
1948 advertisement for Flair fish cutlets - Public Domain Edible fish are fish species that are suitable for human consumption. Depending on their habitat, a distinction is made between freshwater fish and saltwater fish (sea fish). Some fish species occur in both saltwater and freshwater, for example eel and salmon. Not all of them are suitable for breeding in aquaponics or aquaculture. Here is an overview of the preferred fish species for aquaponics systems. eels eels Ayu perch-like fish eagl...
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Stress in Fish
Fish are much more susceptible to disease than they are stressed. The most important are infectious diseases including parasitoses, water-related damage and stress factors in the housing conditions. Injuries, hereditary diseases, malformations and tumors also occur in fish. Some infectious diseases can lead to mass loss in fish farming. They are then referred to as fish diseases and are subject to legal measures in accordance with the Animal Health Act, special legal regulations or EU legal pr...
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The fish market
On average around the world, around 19.7 kg of fish is consumed per person per year. Annual per capita consumption in Oceania is approximately 24.8 kg, in North America 21.4 kg and in Europe 22.2 kg (Source: State of world fisheries and aquaculture, FAO, 2016). ( 1 Germany In 2020, a total of 1.14 million tons of fish and seafood were consumed in Germany. This corresponds to a per capita consumption of 14.1 kg. ( 2 The market shares of fish and fishery products in Germany were broken down as ...
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Typicall fish diseases
In aquaponics systems, fish can be susceptible to various diseases, just like in traditional aquaculture setups. Some common fish diseases that may occur in aquaponics include: Columnaris Disease (Flexibacteriosis): Caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. Symptoms include white or grayish patches on the skin, frayed fins, and lethargy. Aeromonas Infections: Caused by bacteria of the genus Aeromonas. Symptoms may include ulcers, fin rot, hemorrhages, and abdominal swelling. Dropsy...
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Economic Viability of Hydroponic Systems: Energy vs. Yield and ROI Calculations
Economic Viability of Hydroponic Systems Energy vs. Yield and ROI Calculations Note: The following economic calculations are based on peer-reviewed studies and practical operational data from commercial hydroponic facilities. The economic viability of hydroponic systems is largely determined by the ratio of energy input to yield. Accurate ROI calculation is essential for successful commercial implementation. Energy Analysis of Hydroponic Systems Energy Distribution in Closed Systems Studies ...
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pH and Ec: Fruit, Vegetables, Herbs
First of all: the values described in the following table should be treated with caution. Of course, even within the same order, down to the genus, the differences are enormous. What a healthy tomato produces in an allotment garden can show serious deficiency symptoms in a hydroponic system with the same pH and optimal Ec value - and vice versa. There is no way around testing and closely observing the plant depending on the chosen nutrient composition. The pH and EC values are the most impor...
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Root Zone Temperature
Root Zone Temperature Scientific Foundations and Documented Impacts on Hydro- and Aquaponics Systems The Neglected Parameter While pH values and nutrient concentrations in hydro- and aquaponics systems are routinely monitored, root zone temperature often remains overlooked. However, current peer-reviewed studies clearly show measurable impacts on growth, yield, and plant health. Common Measurement Error Root zone temperature can significantly deviate from the measured air temperature - especiall...
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Toxicity dose term LC50 LD50
What does LD 50 / LC 50 mean? LD stands for "Lethal Dose". LD 50 is the amount of a substance given at once that causes death in 50% (half) of a group of test animals. The LD 50 is a way of measuring the short-term poisoning potential (acute toxicity) of a material. Toxicologists can use many types of animals, but most commonly tests are performed with rats and mice. It is usually expressed as the amount of chemical administered (e.g. milligrams) per 100 grams (for smaller animals) or per kilogr...
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Solanine (en)
Solanine, more precisely α-Solanine, is a slightly toxic chemical compound that is mainly found in nightshade plants such as potatoes and tomatoes. Chemically, solanine is the saponine of the steroid alkaloid solanidine with the trisaccharide solatriose, which consists of glucose, galactose and rhamnose. Solanine was first isolated from the berries of the black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in 1820 by the French pharmacist Desfosses, after whom it was named. It is also incorrectly called “Tomatine...
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Phasin
Phasin is a lectin mixture that is found in raw vegetables, especially common beans. Phasin is toxic to humans because it causes red blood cells to stick together. Above a certain dose, consumption leads to vomiting, diarrhea and stomach and intestinal problems. In the worst case, consumption can be fatal; in some cases, just a handful of raw beans was enough to cause death. In particularly phasin-rich species such as B. red kidney beans, just 4 or 5 raw seeds are enough to cause symptoms in ad...
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FCR / Feed Conversion Rate
The FCR (the Feed conversion rate) describes how much feed an animal needs for growth, i.e. the weight gain per feed weight achieved by farm animals in fattening. It is a simple indication of the efficiency of converting feed to body weight. The required amount of feed per 1 kg of weight gain during fattening is usually specified (so-called feed conversion rate, FCR). The FCR depends primarily on the animal species, the composition and quantity of feed used (energy content, protein content, etc....
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Biofilter: Biofilm
Biofilms consist of a mucous layer (a film) in which mixed populations[1] of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa) in concentrations of 1012 cells per milliliter of biofilm[1] and of multicellular organisms[1] such as Rotifers, nematodes, mites, bristles or insect larvae that feed on the microorganisms are embedded. In everyday life, they are often perceived as a slippery, soft-feeling, water-containing layer of mucus or coating. Other colloquial names are growth, Kahmhaut or Si...
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Chelated Micronutrients and their Benefits
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ), also called EDTA acid, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH2N (CH2CO2H)2]2 . This white, water-insoluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe2+/Fe3+ ) and calcium ions (Ca2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH. It is therefore used to dissolve the Fe- and Ca-containing scale and to release iron ions under conditions where its oxides are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably disodium EDTA , sodium...
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Plant Names
Plant Names Latin Plant Names English NameBotanic Name (Latin) Fava bean Vicia faba Adzuki bean Vigna angularis Aloe vera Aloe vera Amaranth Amaranthus Pineapple Ananas comosus Anise Pimpinella anisum Apple Malus domestica Apricot Prunus armeniaca Artichoke Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus Eggplant Solanum melongena Avocado Persea americana Banana Musa Basil Ocimum basilicum Wild garlic Allium ursinum Bhut Jolkai (Pepper) Capsicum chinense Pear Pyrus Collard greens Brassica oleracea var. viridis...
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An Investment for the Future ★
Modern Agriculture Take advantage of our offers and help shape the future of agriculture with us. Schedule an appointment More Information Sustainable food production in the smallest space Up to 90% less water consumption. Fresh vegetables and fish from a closed-loop system. Undependent on seasons. No pesticides and no herbicides: Groundwater neutral. EU funding. Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? Sustainable Up to 90% less water consumption compared to field cultivation. Efficiently High yields in a...
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Thank you for your interest
Thank you for your interest, we will get back to you as soon as possible. If you don't want to wait, you can reach us during normal business hours at the following numbers: Switzerland: 0041-79-58 35 913 Portugal: 00351-966-06 30 50 Kind regards Borgmann Aquaponics Hydroponics
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Visit
Consultation and guided tour of our research facility in Portugal Please schedule a guided tour appointment so we have enough time to take care of your questions. You can reach us at ☎ 00351-966 06 30 50 during regular business hours. We offer regular guided tours of our facility. Contact us directly or check our calendar to see if one of the upcoming dates suits you. Would you like a consultation? A short message is enough – we will get back to you immediately: Find the contact form here. ☎ Pho...
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And this is how it works
Your path to a successful aquaponics or hydroponics system – step by step to your goal: Setting up an aquaponics or hydroponics system is an investment in the future – ecologically, sustainably, and economically sensible. Regardless of size, this technology offers enormous opportunities for both end consumers with some space in their garden (from 5 square meters) and farmers with several hectares of land to grow food in a water-saving and environmentally friendly way. To ensure that your project...
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Yield and savings calculator
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Aquaponics/Hydroponics Calculator Calculate your estimated yields and break-even point for your system project System Parameters Choose system type: Hydroponics Only Aquaponics (Plants + Fish) Growing Area (m²) Plant area Tank Volume (m³) Fish tank Main CropLettuce/Herbs (30-35 kg/m²)Tomatoes/Cucumbers/Peppers (50-70 kg/m²) Investment Costs (€) One-time Market Prices Pla...
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Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics
The Company | Our Service | Consulting | Planning | Products Consulting Services Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics Theory and practice: two sides of the same coin. This page provides you with the necessary basic knowledge – transparent and without reservations. Because sound knowledge protects against costly mistakes. Nevertheless, practice shows time and again: Even experienced operators encounter situations that require individual assessment and targeted support. That's exactly w...
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Our services
The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Holistic Solutions Comprehensive Solutions from Borgmann Aquaponics and Hydroponics Start well-informed – arrive safely. We consciously make this knowledge available to you because we believe: those who understand what they are doing achieve better results. At the same time, we know from many years of experience that every system has its own story. Whether during setup, commissioning, or when unexpected problems arise – we stand by yo...
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Technology for the future
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Customized solutions for maximum productivity Our solutions are designed precisely to meet your needs. Unique in their design and standardized in their implementation. They are based on tried-and-tested technology from industry and IT. Thanks to our transparency in implementation, you also avoid being dependent on a specific manufacturer for sensors or control modules (n...
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The path to your aquaponics or hydroponics system
The Company | Our Service | Consulting | Planning | Products Planning The Path to Your Aquaponic or Hydroponic System We advise you on the path to your aquaponic or hydroponic system. The company Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik® offers a new way to transform agricultural operations into the twenty-first century. The EU already makes funding available for this new technology, which makes the transition even more attractive for many interested parties. Our offering includes feasibility studies, cons...
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Market needs & nutrition
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Market needs & nutrition How aquaponics helps meet the increasing demand for fresh food The world population is growing, demand for sustainable food is increasing – and traditional agriculture is reaching its limits. Aquaponics offers innovative solutions for future food security. The global challenge of food security The numbers speak for themselves: by 2050, the world ...
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PPM ⇄ mol/L ⇄ g/L ⇄ %
Fertilizer Salt Concentration Calculator Calculates nutrient concentrations based on added fertilizer salt amount ✍️ Enter Formula Select from List Pay attention to uppercase and lowercase letters in the chemical formula. Mo2 is not MO2. Hydration · can be entered as .: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O = (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O Examples: KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, Fe2(SO4)3, KH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O Copy & Paste with subscript characters also works: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O Select fertilizer salt:-- Please select -- Amount of fe...
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Borate species in aqueous solution
The term borate species refers to the various chemical forms (species) in which boron can exist in a solution. The form depends strongly on the pH value . Important borate species 1. Boric acid (H₃BO₃) – undissociated, neutral Predominant at pH < 7 Acts as a weak Lewis acid Exists mainly as uncharged molecules Reaction in water: H3 BO3 + H2O ↔ [B(OH4)]⁻ + H⁺ 2. Tetrahydroxoborate ion ([B(OH)₄]⁻) – anionic Predominant at pH > 9 Formed by the reaction of boric acid with hydroxide ions (OH⁻) Impo...
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EDTA Titration Principle
EDTA titrations have wide applications in inorganic analysis due to its strong complexing effect and commercial availability.5 However, due to the polyprotic nature of EDTA, pH affects the forms present in the solution, and auxiliary complexing reagents are used to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides and maintain the concentration of free metal ions. Direct Titration: Involves buffering the metal ion solution to the desired pH and directly titrating with standard EDTA until the endpoin...
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Expected in the analysis
In hydroponics, the following substances and compounds are present in the nutrient solution (liquid fertilizer). To estimate the amount you need to monitor, whether through titration, test strips, or other analytical methods, here's an overview of the concentrations you should expect in the analysis: An overview of the analysis techniques and further details can be found here . Element / CompoundNamemmol/Lmg/L (ppm) Macronutrients K Potassium 3 – 8 117 – 313 Ca Calcium 1 – 4 40 – 160 Mg Magnesiu...
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Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt
Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt Xylenol orange contains one sulfonic acid, four carboxyl groups, two amino groups, and two hydroxy groups, each of which can be protonated or deprotonated. At pH ≈ 4.5, xylenol orange exists in a lemon-yellow form. In this form, xylenol orange forms a weak red to red-violet complex with some polyvalent metal ions, which is destroyed by the addition of a stronger complexing agent such as EDTA. Use : As an indicator in titration. Typical concentration: 1 ml / 100 ml...
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Example: Calculation of moles and grams of boron in boric acid
1. Molar mass of boric acid (H₃BO₃) Hydrogen (H):3×1,008=3,024 g/mol Boron (B):1×10.81=10.81 g/mol Oxygen (O):3×16.00=48.00 g/mol In total: 3,024+10.81+48.00=61,834 g/mol 2. Amount of boric acid in 1 gram n H3BO3 = 1 g 61.834 g/mol ≈ 0.01617 mol 3. Amount of boron (B) 1 molecule of H₃BO₃ contains 1 boron atom: nB = n H3BO3 = 0.01617 mol 4. Concentration in mol/liter 0.0162 mol/L boron (B)(when dissolving 1 g of H₃BO₃ in 1 liter) Calculation of the mass of boron (B) in boric acid (H₃BO₃) 1. Amo...
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pH calculation from calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
pH calculation from calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) Calcium hydroxide is a strong base that dissociates completely in water: Ca(OH)2 → Ca2+ + 2OH− Given is a net ion charge of: 0.0270 mol/L Since each unit of Ca(OH)₂ provides two OH⁻ ions, the result is: [OH−] = 0.0270 mol/L From this, we calculate the pOH value: pOH = − log ( 0.0270 ) ≈ 1.57 And finally: pH = 14 − pOH ≈ 12.43 Ergebnis: Die Lösung hat einen pH-Wert von ungefähr 12.43. Quelle: Atkins & de Paula – Physical Chemistry, 12th E...
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ppm to moles
Umrechnung: 100 ppm NO₃⁻ in mol/L Example : Conversion: 100 ppmNO3−in mol/L Given : 100 ppmNO3−= 100 mg/L 1. Molar mass ofNO3− Nitrogen (N): 14.01 g/mol Oxygen (O): 3 × 16.00 = 48.00 g/mol Total: 62.01 g/mol 2. Conversion to mol/L Calculation: c = 100 mg 62.01 g/mol = 0.100 g/L 62.01 g/mol ≈ 0.00161 mol/L Result 100 ppmNO3−≈ 1.61 mmol/L Sources Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura – General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications , 10th Edition PubChem – Nitrates (NO₃⁻) Example: ...
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Titanium, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Titan Titanium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the titanium(IV) ion (TiO₂⁺) or as a titanyl complex (TiO²⁺) . It may be essential, but traces of Ti 3+ are so ubiquitous that its addition is rarely justified. At 5 ppm, beneficial growth effects are quite remarkable in some crops, e.g., pineapple and peas. A variable micronutrient. There are various methods for determining titanium: Spectrophotometry with peroxo complexes: formation of a yellow titanyl peroxide c...
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No acid-base reaction
Context: The fertilizer calculation program and its results regarding the calculated pH value. What the program does not do: No dynamic chemical equilibrium (no pKa model) No exact activity calculation No EC/buffering influences The program currently calculates the pH purely from the net charge of the ion balance , especially from OH⁻ excesses , but: A real nutrient solution such as Steiner's solution has a complex buffering effect and cannot be calculated solely by the cation/anion balance . Th...
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Technische Begriffe
Aquaponik Einheiten- & Chemie-Konverter (Professional) Leitfähigkeit (EC/TDS) Härte (dGH/Ca/Mg) Stickstoff (N-Masse/Ion) NH3 (Toxizität) EC & TDS Relationen mS/cm µS/cm TDS (ppm) 500er (USA) TDS (ppm) 640er (EU) Relation: 1 mS/cm entspricht 1000 µS/cm. TDS Faktoren variieren je nach Messgerät (0.5 vs 0.64 vs 0.7). Härtebildner-Relation (GH / Ca / Mg) Gesamthärte (°dGH) = Calcium (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Formel: $GH [^\circ dH] = (Ca / 7.144) + (Mg / 4.33)$. Geben Sie Ca und Mg ein, um die Gesamth...
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ISO Messgrößen und Einheiten
Referenzübersicht der in Aquaponik, Hydroponik und Pflanzenbiologie gebräuchlichen Messgrößen und Einheiten — mit ISO-Norm, typischen Wertebereichen, Umrechnungsfaktoren und einem direkten Härtekalkulator (Reiter „? Wasser" → Abschnitt Härtekalkulator). Reference overview of measurement quantities and units used in aquaponics, hydroponics and plant biology — with ISO standard, typical ranges, conversion factors and a direct hardness calculator (tab "? Water" → Hardness Calculator section). ?? D...
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USA Tax
US–Switzerland: Tax & Purchase Guide 🇨🇭🇺🇸🇩🇪🇦🇹 Switzerland Export & Tax Guide For US, German & Austrian buyers — updated 2025 ⚠ General info – not legal advice 🇺🇸For US Customers 🇩🇪Deutsche Kunden 🇦🇹Österreich. Kunden Buying from a Swiss Company — What US Customers Need to Know Purchasing goods, digital products, or services from Switzerland involves a few layers: Swiss export rules, US import duties, and your own state’s sales tax obligations. Here is a plain-English breakdown. 📦Physical Goods —...
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Small sprouts - big dangers?
Sprouts Safety Information No, sprouts are not dangerous. However, there are a few pointers you should follow. On the one hand, be careful with bean sprouts. On the other hand, just like with microgreens, nightshade plants should not be grown because their leaves are poisonous. The soy myth Behind the fresh bean sprouts from the jar there is actually a completely different sprout, namely mung beans. This misconception is based on the fact that real bean sprouts are poisonous when raw. The spro...
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Notes on cultivation
If you grow seedlings yourself, special attention must be paid to the hygiene of germination devices, germination aids and the surrounding area. Even if the seeds are not watered enough, a high level of germs can build up and lead to mold. If the seeds are infected with mold, they must be completely removed. The germination device and all infected utensils must be thoroughly disinfected. Most beans contain the toxic protein Phasin, which is only destroyed by cooking or other types of heat. There...
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Linseed (Sprouts)
Facts The taste: Mild, nutty, light, fresh Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 7 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.8 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: up to 6 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 8 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain 2 to ...
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Amaranth (Sprouts)
Facts about Amaranth The taste: Mild, sweet, similar to mustard Germination: 2 days Growth until harvest: 4 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 5.5 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 0.8 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 7 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 30 minutes Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light from the second day Germination temperature: 21°C irri...
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Peanut (Sprouts)
Facts about Peanut The taste: mild, sweet, slightly onion-like Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 2 to 4 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 5.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: up to 2 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 4 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - ...
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Garlic (Sprouts)
Facts The taste: Intense like onions and garlic germination: 3 to 5 days Growth until harvest: 10 to 14 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.4 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: up to 7.5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 8 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C irriga...
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Kohlrabi (Sprouts)
Facts about Kohlrabi The taste: Intense cabbage taste Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 5 to 7 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.5 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 2.5 - 3.0 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C irri...
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Adzuki bean (Sprouts)
Facts Adzuki Bean The taste: Mild, nutty, like kidney beans Germination: 12 days Growth until harvest: 2 - 4 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.8 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 2 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: soak for 8 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary, dark germs Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: -...
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Fenugreek (Sprouts)
Facts about Fenugreek The taste: Mild, nutty, sweet, fresh Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 8 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.2 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.4 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: soak for 8 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - ...
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Mung Bean (Sprouts)
Facts about Mung Bean The taste Mild, nutty, fresh Germination 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest 3 to 4 days Nitrogen requirements low - weak eater pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size up to 4.5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds For 8 to 12 hours Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light Not necessary, dark germs Germination temperature 24°C - 25°C irrigatio...
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Terms of use
Terms of use for online platform: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik 1 Scope of the Terms of Use (1) These Terms of Use apply to the online offer Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, which can be accessed on the Internet at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch/. This is a platform on which Users can create profiles. This is a platform on which users can create profiles. (2) You can call up and print out the currently valid Terms of Use with this document. 2 Conclusion of contract and user account (...
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Revocation form
Your legal basis Annex 2 to Article 246a § 1 paragraph 2 sentence 1 number 1 and § 2 paragraph 2 number 2 of the Introductory Act to the German Civil Code (EGBGB) Annex 2 amended mWv 13.6.2014 by G v. 20.9.2013 (BGBl. I p. 3642); amended with effect from 28.5.2022 by Act of 10.8.2021 (BGBl. I p. 3483).Sample cancellation form If you wish to revoke a contract, please fill out this form and send it to the following address:Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, Schumacherweg 19, CH-8046 ZürichReceiver: Bo...
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Terms of use
Terms of use for online platform: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik 1 Scope of the Terms of Use(1) These Terms of Use apply to the online offer Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, which is available on the Internet at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch/ can be called up. This is a platform on which users can create profiles. (2) You can access and print out the currently valid terms of use this page. 2 Conclusion of contract and user account(1) By completing the online registration process and cr...
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GTC
General Terms and Conditions of Sale I. Offer and conclusion of contract The order signed by the customer (also electronically) is a binding offer. We can accept this offer within two weeks by sending an order confirmation or by sending the ordered goods within this period. Please note the information in Appendix 1 ! II. Documents handed over We reserve the right of ownership and copyright to all documents handed over to the purchaser in connection with the placing of the order - also in el...
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Image copyrights
All images, unless marked, are the property of our company. All other images are copyrighted according to the following evidence. List of copyrights Klimazonen: WHZ-Europa-small.gif, WHZ-Europa-big.gif, WHZ-Mitteleuropa-small.gif, WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif https://www.jelitto.com/out/media/winterhaertezonen/europa/WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif https://www.jelitto.com/out/media/winterhaertezonen/europa/WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif Trickle_Filter_Cross-section.png A schematic cross-section of the contac...
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Legal notice
Company: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, UID: CHE-312.034.071 Corporate address: Helmer Borgmann Schumacherweg 19 8046 Zürich, Schweiz Managing Director and responsible for all content: Helmer Borgmann Disclaimer 1. limitation of liabilityThe contents of this website have been prepared with the greatest possible care and to the best of our knowledge. Nevertheless, the provider of this website accepts no responsibility for the topicality, completeness and correctness o...
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GDPR
data protection 1. General 1.1 What are personal data 1.2 Handling of personal data 1.3 Usage data 1.4 Registration data 1.5 Duration of storage 1.6 Analysis tools and third-party tools 2. Your rights 2.1 Information 2.2 Right to rectification 2.3 Right to erasure 2.4 Right to restriction of processing 2.5 Right to data portability 2.6 Right of withdrawal 2.7 General and right of appeal 3. Data security 3.1 Data security 3.2 Sessions and Cookies 3.3 Data protection declaration for the use of the...
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GTC B2B
General Terms and Conditions of Sale (GTC) for commercial transactions (Seller and buyer are entrepreneurs) Version: January 31, 2025 General Terms of Sale (Only the german version is binding) All prices in our virtual store are in euros. The approximate value in other currencies is for guidance only. We reserve the right to correct any printing errors in the virtual store. We thank you for your order, which we accept exclusively under the following delivery and payment terms. Please note the ...
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Oil Extract (Maceration)
Oil Extract – Maceration Oil as a solvent, time as a tool: Maceration is one of the oldest extraction methods in pharmacy. The result is a plant oil loaded with active compounds, which can be used directly for skin care, ointments, and topical applications. 2–6 weeks extraction time Room temperature up to max. 40 °C Effort: low to medium Suitable for home use Physical-Chemical Principles Diffusion as the driving force The oil extract utilizes physical diffusion as its sole driving force. Dissolv...
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Tincture – Alcohol Extract
Tincture – Alcohol Extract The tincture is the most versatile of all herbal extraction methods. Ethanol as a solvent simultaneously accesses water-soluble and fat-soluble ingredients – a spectrum that neither an oil extract nor a tea extract alone can achieve. The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines the tincture as an official dosage form and specifies precise ratios, alcohol contents, and testing methods. For home use, it is also the most accessible method for producing concentrated, long...
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Steam Distillation
Steam Distillation Steam distillation is the only extraction method recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as the reference procedure for obtaining genuine essential oils. At the same time, it is the method where the expectations of home users most frequently and dramatically deviate from reality – because the underlying physics are intuitively difficult to grasp. Those who understand the method will have no false hopes and will still achieve surprising results. 1...
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Cold Pressing
Cold Pressing Cold pressing sounds like a uniform process. In reality, this term conceals two fundamentally different procedures that, aside from the absence of external heat application, have little in common: mechanical pressing of oil-rich seeds and fruits to obtain fixed vegetable oils on the one hand – and abrasion of citrus peels to obtain essential oils on the other. Both methods follow purely physical-mechanical principles; solvents, external heat, and chemical auxiliaries play no role. ...
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Chamomile (Medical Plant)
Facts about Matricaria chamomilla Taste: Aromatic, slightly sweet-floral Germination: 7 - 14 days (light germinator) Growth to harvest: 8 - 10 weeks Nitrogen requirement: medium pH range: 6.0 - 7.5 compatible plants EC range: 1.0 - 1.8 compatible fish Size: 20 - 50 cm Cultivation Soaking seeds: Not necessary (light germinator) Saturating medium: Lightly moisten, do not waterlog Growing medium: - Coconut fiber- Peat-free herb soil- Hydroponic substrates (perlite, rockwool) Light: Full sun to part...
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Infusion & Tea Extract
Infusion & Tea Extract Herbal tea is the oldest and most widespread form of medicinal plant application worldwide – and at the same time the most underestimated extraction method. "Pour hot water over it" describes the principle, but not the chemistry. The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) distinguishes between three different aqueous preparation forms with fundamentally different physical conditions, active compound profiles, and areas of application. Whoever confuses them will obtain a fundame...
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Medicinal Plant Extraction
Medicinal Plant Extraction – A Brief Overview This overview shows common medicinal plants, plant parts, extraction methods, carrier oils/solvents and active ingredient notes. All methods are suitable for home users. Oil Extract (Maceration) Plant parts: Flowers, leaves Amount: 50 g dried flowers in 200 ml carrier oil Duration: 2–6 weeks at room temperature, shake gently daily Temperature: max. 40 °C, optional gentle water bath Carrier oil: Olive oil, sunflower oil, jojoba oil Note: Store in dark...
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Sage (Medicinal Plant)
Facts about Salvia officinalis Taste: Herbal, aromatic, slightly bitter Germination: 10–20 days, light germinator Growth to harvest: 4–6 weeks for young leaves; harvestable multiple times Nitrogen requirement: medium pH range: 6.0–7.0 compatible plants EC range: 1.0–1.8 compatible fish Size: 30–60 cm Cultivation Propagation: Seeds or cuttings; consider light germination Medium soaking: Keep substrate moist, avoid waterlogging Growing medium: - Coconut fiber- Peat-free herb soil- Hydroponic rock ...
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Lavender (Medicinal Plant)
Facts about Lavandula angustifolia Taste: Floral, slightly herbal, aromatic Germination: 14–28 days; light germinator, cold stratification recommended Growth to harvest: 8–12 weeks for young leaves; full bloom after 4–6 months Nitrogen requirement: low; slow feeder pH range: 6.0–7.0 compatible plants EC range: 1.0–1.5 compatible fish Size: 30–50 cm Cultivation Propagation: Seeds or cuttings; cold stratify seeds 2–4 weeks before sowing Medium soaking: Moist but well-draining; avoid waterlogging G...
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Nettle (Medicinal Plant)
Facts about Urtica dioica Taste: Mildly nutty, spinach-like (young leaves) Germination: 14 - 21 days Growth to harvest: 25 - 35 days Nitrogen requirement: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.5 compatible plants EC range: 1.2 - 2.0 compatible fish Size: 10 - 15 cm Cultivation Soaking seeds: 24 hours in cold water Saturating medium: thoroughly moisten Growing medium: - Nutrient-rich seed starting soil - Compost soil with sand - Peat-free organic soil - Coconut fiber with fertilizer Light: Partia...
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